I’ve just comes across this article by Amelia Hill in the Observer called The English identity crisis: who do you think you are? (Sunday 13 June 2004). It features some interesting quotes on the topic of Englishness-

The first quote is from Harold Roberts who considers himself to be one of England’s last true Englishmen. Now 74, he has been farming in the heart of land straddled by the Cotswolds and the Bredon and Malvern hills since he was eight years old.

“I don’t understand how anyone can feel English when they don’t have a connection with the English soil. The soil is my identity: it is as important to me as contact with living people. It is who I am, where I come from and, in the end, where I will go.”

Another quote comes from Paul Gilroy, London-born professor of Sociology and African American Studies at Yale University and author of There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack.

“There is an anxiety about what it means to be English today that has reached a level of urgent intensity in the past five years,’ he says. ‘We are returning to a nativist interpretation of what England is, which can only lead to misery – both for incomers being bullied into adopting a version of Englishness, and for those born here, who are destined to be bitterly disappointed by eternally unmet, unrealistic expectations.”

Linda Colley, author of Captives: Britain, Empire and the World 1600-1850, argues that “Englishness is a new concept: a word that has only recently been invented. For any people to try to pin down their identity as though it is a captive butterfly is simply wrong: people are able to have more than one identity and the fact we’re returning to trying to limit ourselves to one identity is a sign of a growing insecurity and uncertainty.”

Colley believes that the recent search for Englishness is the reaction of a nation feeling squeezed out of existence by Europe on the one side, and by the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland on the other.

This is rebutted by Sir Bernard Crick, author of George Orwell: A Life and a book of political essays, Crossing Borders, who says “There is nothing to be ashamed of in trying to establish what it means to be English, any more than there is something to be ashamed of by defining what it is to be Scottish or Welsh. Englishness is something to be proud of and protected. A determination to discover what Englishness is, is a sign we are ready to become stronger as a nation. It was when we did not dare ask the question that we were weak.”

Professor Roger Scruton, philosopher and author, believes the English are facing one of the most dangerous moments in their history: “If people don’t have a social and an individual identity, they have no way of identifying with their neighbours or anyone else. That way lies social chaos, which is a potentially violent place to be.”

Sunder Katwala, general secretary of the Fabian Society, believes part of the problem is that, while Britishness has been defined and redefined over the generations, Englishness has remained untouched. “We knew what Britishness was, so it could be adopted, adapted and pluralised”, he says. ‘This is why we have British Asians but not English Asians. But far from being weakened by the lack of definition, the fact that we can’t define Englishness means we can still create it depending on what we want it to be. That very nebulousness has enabled the English to absorb new cultures and influences with fluid ease.”

Posted in ENGLISHNESS | 2 Comments »

Entry from 20th August 2007

Postcards by the Flemish Northern Renaissance painter Lucas Van Valckenborch showing ‘Winterlandschaft bei Antwerpen mit schnaeefall’ (1575) and ‘Ansicht von Antwerpen mit zugerfrorener schelde’ (1590).

Entry from 2nd November 2007

Postcards showing John Constable’s ‘The White Horse’ (1819) and ‘Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Garden’ (1826) from the Frick Collection.

Entry from 25th January

Postcard of ‘The Browne Family’ (c. 1778) by Francis Wheatley from Paul Mellon Collection

Entry from 6th February 2008

Postcards showing Jeff Wall’s ‘In front of a nightclub’ 2006 from the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and Hendrick Avercamp’s ‘A scene on the ice near a town’ (c.1615) from the National Gallery.

Posted in INSPIRATION | 1 Comment »

On a trip back from Amsterdam recently I came across a newspaper cutting with an article entitled ‘Man goes golfing after jet crash destroys home’ (see cutting in my scrap book below). A story that goes some way to highlight the sometimes bizarre devotion the English have for sporting pastimes. Eddie Harman, 72, was in Spain when he was told that a plane had crashed into his home in Farnborough, killing five people. His wife came home from a separate holiday to cope with the aftermath, however, Mr Harman played a round of golf before returning to England. He is quoted as saying “I think a round of golf helped take my mind off things.”

While I was in Amsterdam I visited the Rijks Museum. Although the building is currently undergoing major renovation, there is still an opportunity to see a selection of the museum’s masterpieces. A small but wonderful display of Dutch paintings. Given my current interest in leisure, I was particularly taken by Hendrick Avercamp’s ‘Winter landscape with iceskaters’. Avercamp (1585-1634) was one of the first landscape painters of the 17th-century Dutch school, and the most famous exponent of the winter landscape. He was deaf and dumb and known as de Stomme van Kampen (the mute of Kampen).

Winter Landscape with Iceskaters, c. 1608

In this painting, one of the earliest large winter landscapes in the Rijksmuseum, crowds of people are depicted on the ice in a scene that stretches far into the distance. There is considerable variety among the figures, both in clothing and in what they are doing. Some of those portrayed are having fun, while others appear to be working. Avercamp has included several daring details, such as the couple making love, the bare buttocks and the man urinating.

Another wonderful example of Avercamp’s winter landscapes is: ‘A winter scene with skaters near a castle’ (1585), reproduced here-

I’m going to look at paintings in more detail in a future post. In the meantime, if you have any suggestions of paintings that depict scenes of leisure and pastimes, particularly in the English landscape, please post them below.

A few for starters –

William Powell Frith ‘Derby Day’ (1856-8)

Philip Wilson Steer ‘A Procession of Yachts’ (1892-3)

James Tissot ‘Holyday’ (c. 1876)

Posted in ART & LEISURE, INSPIRATION, TRIP LOGISTICS | Comments Off on A PAGE FROM MY SCRAP BOOK

Don’t ask me why, but I found myself having lunch in a Morrisons cafe this afternoon- a fascinating place to people watch even if you do have to eat while listening to the constant shrill of the tills. With a few hours to kill I had a look through this year’s issue of ‘Britain in 2008- The State of the Nation’ published by the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC). The ESRC funds research and training in social and economic issues. They are an independent organisation, established by Royal Charter, receiving most of their funding through the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. 

 

 

Of particular interest was the ‘Britain at a Glance’ section which included the following statistics-

• In mid 2006, the UK population stood at 60.6 million. It’s an ageing population with the 80-plus the fasted growing age group. By 2050, it is likely that one quarter of the populations will be age 65-79, and ten percent 80-plus.

• Ninety two per cent of the UK population is white. Indians are the biggest single minority group, followed by Pakistanis. In the year to 2006, an estimated 565,000 immigrants arrived in the UK. The largest sender countries were Poland (9 per cent of new immigrants), India (8 per cent) and South Africa (five per cent). Over the same period, 380,000 people left the UK; Australia and Spain were the top destinations.

• One in five people in the UK live in a rural area (settlements of fewer than 10,000 people). Among the UK’s ethnic minorities only three per cent live in rural areas.

• There are more than 25 million households in the UK. Seventy per cent are owner-occupied.

• The UK’s top cities are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Edinburgh, Bristol, Manchester, and Leicester.

• We are living in smaller households. The average number of people per household fell from 2.84 in 1971 to 2.36 in 2001.

• The average working Briton works 1,642 hours a year (equivalent to 34 hours a week). UK workers have less paid leave than those in the European Union (200 days compared to 25-30 days in most EU countries), but more than in Japan (17 days) and the US (10 days). One quarter of the workforce work part-time; more than three quarters of part-time workers are women.

• According to the latest figures, 12.7million people live in poverty (on incomes 60 per cent of the median). Thirty per cent of people living in poverty are children and 17 per cent are pensioners.

• The average household disposable income is £445 per week. The median is £363 per week: half the population have higher incomes than this and half lower.

• The average household spends £443 a week. The biggest single spending item is transport, followed by recreation and culture, then food and drink, housing, restaurants and finally clothing.

• As a nation, we spent one third of our time sleeping, one quarter working (including housework) and one quarter on leisure activities. The biggest change since 2000 has been an increase in time spent socialising (and a fall in time spent on housework).

• According to the most recent World Values Survey, 38 per cent of Britons said they were very happy, 55 per cent said they were quite happy.

Posted in RESEARCH | 1 Comment »

I’ve just returned from a trip to Yorkshire where I was part of a panel discussion on documentary photography (entitled Dramatic Reality: Photojournalism and Documentary Photography Today) at the National Media Museum. While I was in the region I took in the Harrogate Spring Flower Festival and a medieval siege at Scarborough Castle. April showers and a hail storm, didn’t deter the thousands who turned up at the flower festival. Not being the green fingered type I was astonished to discover, during the judging of the daffodil contest, that there are over 40,000 varieties of this spring flower! Congratulations to Colin Gilman from Norwich for his ‘Inverpolly’ daffodil which was crowned the ‘Grand Champion Bloom’.

Here are just a few….!

Posted in EVENTS & PASTIMES | Comments Off on DAFFODILS

I just want to say a huge thank you to everyone who has posted up an idea so far, there are some really fascinating ones including some very personal. I’m currently working my way through them and hope to be in touch with some of you very soon. I’ll be posting the limited edition print to people within the month, but please remember to include an address if you’d like to receive a print (your address won’t appear online).

Posted in YOUR IDEAS | Comments Off on THANKS

Happy St. George’s Day!

Which seems to be a more popular thing to be celebrating this year according to Philip Johnston in today’s Daily Telegraph.

It certainly appears that some of our politicians have decided to embrace St.George’s Day. You do have to ask yourself whether this has more to do with diverting attention (during a very bad week for Labour leader Gordon Brown, he announces that the St.George’s flag will fly over 10 Downing Street for the first time in recent memory) or raising attention (trailing in the polls London Mayor Ken Livingstone – who has rarely organised events in London to celebrate the 23rd April, preferring instead St. Patrick’s Day – this year is pulling out all the stops with events across the capital).

While political singer Billy Bragg writes passionately in today’s Guardian about why we should embrace St. George’s Day under the headline “Let’s celebrate what it means to be English”. And here it is-

“The notion of a patriotic celebration of St George’s Day is something that many English people feel ambiguous about, owing to the historical connotations that it carries. For a long time we’ve flown the union flag rather than the flag of Saint George – but a mixture of a greater confidence in Scotland and the recent influx of immigrants has put the English identity back on the agenda. It is possible for St George’s Day to become a celebration, but whether or not it can become a national day in the way the Americans have, I very much doubt; we just wouldn’t feel comfortable with a day when we have all got to salute the flag. The belligerence within the English tradition is still a fresh memory and for some people the national flag is associated with football violence.

We need to find a way to overcome that reticence and repossess the symbols of what it means to be English. St George’s Day can help us do that if we can make it less inward looking and more like St Patrick’s Day where everyone can be Irish for the day, wherever they come from.

What we lack is a confidence, not so much about who we are, more about whether it’s okay to celebrate being English. We need to stop being embarrassed about our home and find a way to celebrate the things about it that we love – both to respect the locals and to build bridges with newcomers.

Multiculturalism isn’t about celebrating everybody’s culture but our own. We have to be present, not least because as hosts we provide the framework for our diversity to flourish. If you accept the idea that national identity is personal, then it is down to each of us to find something to celebrate on April 23. Let those people who feel strongly about the traditional ideas, celebrate them in their traditional way. Let others find aspects of Englishness they feel comfortable with.

My hunch is that Englishness has more to do with space rather than race – and by having a day when we can celebrate the things that make us feel we belong, we can begin to reclaim our identity from those who would use our flag to intimidate and divide.”

© Billy Bragg, The Guardian, Wednesday April 23 2008

Posted in ENGLISHNESS | 1 Comment »

The English Department at Bristol University has a specific course on Englishness for final year students, which sounds pretty interesting.

Introduction
What does it mean to be English – not British, but specifically English – and why should it matter? What national and cultural qualities does the word identify, and what has it meant in the past? Perhaps most importantly, what is the future of Englishness, and what is the future of England?

These are pressing cultural issues, and many literary critics, historians, and writers have recently turned their attention to such questions. They are also concerns that have a long history in English Literature, and have been debated and discussed for centuries. This course offers an introduction to Englishness, both its history and its literature, and presents a diverse (and ambitious) variety of material from the twelfth century to the present day. It gives a broad historical overview of certain English figures, such as King Arthur and Robin Hood, develops certain themes that characterize English identity – the Gothic, Landscape, Empire, Temper – and examines the literature of historical events such as the First and Second World Wars. The course argues that historically, Englishness has been characterized by mongrelism, hybridity, the spirit of compromise and adaptation, and linguistic capaciousness and absorption, and endeavours to explain why certain attitudes persist and how others change, and ultimately what constitutes Englishness.

For keen readers among you, here is their recommended reading list!

Peter Ackroyd, Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination (Viking, 2002)
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (Oxford, 2004; ed. Fiona Stafford)
Julian Barnes, England, England (Picador, 1999)
Geoffrey Hill, Collected Poems (Penguin, 1995)
Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle Book, ed. W.W. Robson (Oxford World’s Classics, 1998)
Hanif Kureishi, The Buddha of Suburbia (Faber & Faber, 1991)
Spike Milligan, Robin Hood According to Spike Milligan (Virgin, 1999)
George Orwell, Coming Up for Air and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in Complete Novels (Penguin, 2000).
William Shakespeare, Richard II, Henry IV 1& 2, Henry V (Arden edn of RII, ed. Charles Forker; Oxford edns of remainder, ed. David Bevington, René Weis, Gary Taylor, respectively)
Bram Stoker, Dracula, ed. Maurice Hindle (Penguin, 1993)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Idylls of the King and a Selection of Poems, ed. J.M. Gray (Penguin, 1996)
J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (Allen and Unwin, 1954-5)
P. G. Wodehouse, Uncle Fred in the Springtime (Penguin, 2004)
Michael Wood, In Search of England (Penguin, 2000)

Essays
Due in weeks 4 and 12
Suggested Weekly Plan [some selections may change]

1. Reading Week

2. Introduction: Robin Hood
Julian Barnes, England, England (Picador, 1999)
Spike Milligan, Robin Hood According to Spike Milligan (Virgin, 1999)
‘Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborn’ [course reader]
Michael Wood, ‘Merrie Englande: The Legende of Robin Hood’ in In Search of England (Penguin, 2000), 71-90.

3. Anglo-Saxon Origins
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (Verso, 1991), 1-46 [course reader]
The Battle of Maldon (Norton I, 103)
Beowulf, trans. Seamus Heaney (Norton I, 29)
Thorlac Turville-Petre, ‘The Nation’ in England and the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290-1340 (Clarendon, 1996), 1-26 [course reader]
T.A. Shippey, ‘The Undeveloped Image: Anglo-Saxon in Popular Consciousness from Turner to Tolkien’ in Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century (CUP, 2000), 215-36 [course reader]
J.R.R. Tolkien, ‘Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics’, Proceedings of the British Academy 22 (1936) [course reader]
Michael Wood, ‘The Norman Yoke’ and ‘When Was England England?’ in In Search of England, 1-22, 91-106

4. King Arthur
Geoffrey of Monmouth (Norton I, 115)
Layamon, from Brut (Norton I, 122)
‘The Myth of Arthur’s Return’ (Norton I, 124)
Thomas Malory, Morte Darthur (Norton I, 419)
William Morris (Norton II, 1605)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Idylls of the King and a Selection of Poems, ed. J.M. Gray (Penguin, 1996): focus on the ‘Dedication’, ‘The Coming of Arthur’, ‘The Holy Grail’, ‘The Passing of Arthur’, and ‘To the Queen’
[Tennyson, Idylls of the King (Norton II, 1282)]
Michael Wood, ‘Glastonbury, the Grail and the Isle of Avalon’ in In Search of England, 43-70

5. Reflections [essay week]
Geoffrey Hill, Collected Poems (Penguin, 1995) [especially ‘Mercian Hymns’, 105-34]
[Geoffrey Hill (Norton II, 2717)]
Philip Larkin (Norton II, 2564)

6. Shakespeare and History
Richard II, Henry IV 1 & 2, Henry V (Arden edn of RII, ed. Charles Forker; Oxford edns of remainder, ed. David Bevington, René Weis, Gary Taylor, respectively)
Make sure you also study the passages from Holinshed in these editions

7. Gothic
Edmund Burke, from Reflections on the Revolution in France (Norton II, 121); ‘A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful’ [course reader]
Samuel Johnson, Prefaces to Dictionary and Shakespeare, and Lives (Norton I, 2719)
John Ruskin (Norton II, 1425)
Bram Stoker, Dracula, ed. Maurice Hindle (Penguin, 1993)

8. Romantic Ecology
William Blake, ‘And did those feet’ (Norton II, 85)
John Clare (Norton II, 802)
Robert Coll, ‘England as a Garden’ in The Identity of England (OUP, 2002), 203-11.
William Cowper (Norton I, 2875)
John Keats, ‘To Autumn’ (Norton II, 872)
Andrew Marvell, Garden Poems and ‘Upon Appleton House’ (Norton I, 1694, 1704)
James Thomson (Norton I, 2822)
William Wordsworth, The Prelude (Norton II, 303)

9. Temper and Class
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (Oxford, 2004; ed. Fiona Stafford)
Daniel Defoe, ‘The True-Born Englishman’ (course reader)
Jeremy Paxman, ‘The Ideal Englishman’, in The English (Penguin, 1999), 176-206 [course reader]
P. G. Wodehouse, Uncle Fred in the Springtime (Penguin, 2004)

10. Empire
Empire (Norton II, 2017)
Benedict Anderson, ‘Census, Map, Museum’ in Imagined Communities, 163-86 [course reader]
Rudyard Kipling (Norton II, 1863); The Jungle Book, ed. W.W. Robson (Oxford World’s Classics, 1998)
Hanif Kureishi, The Buddha of Suburbia (Faber & Faber, 1991)
Salman Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands (Penguin, 1992) [course reader]
Michael Wood, ‘Epilogue: An English Family’ in In Search of England, 292-306

11. The Wars
Poetry of the Great War (Norton II, 2048)
Poetry of the Second World War (Norton II, 2525)
George Orwell (Norton II, 2456)
George Orwell, Coming Up for Air and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in Complete Novels (Penguin, 2000)

12. Reinventing the Mythology of England
Chris Hopkins, ‘Tolkien and Englishness’ in Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference, ed. Reynolds and Goodnight, 278-80 (course reader)
J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (Allen and Unwin, 1954-5) [especially descriptions of the Shire in books one and six]

Further Reading
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (Verso, 1991)
Antony Easthope, Englishness and National Culture (Routledge, 1998)
Jonathan Bate, Romantic Ecology (Routledge, 1991)
Jonathan Bate, The Song of the Earth (Picador, 2001)
Ian Baucom, Out of Place: Englishness, Empire and the Locations of Identity (Princeton University Press, 1998)
Angus Calder, The Myth of the Blitz (Pimlico, 1992)
David Peters Corbett, The Geographies of Englishness: Landscape and the National Past, 1880-1940 (Yale University Press, 2002)
The Country and the City Revisited, ed. Gerald MacLean, Donna Landry, and Joseph Patrick Ward (Cambridge UP, 1999)
David Crystal, The Stories of English (Penguin, 2004)
England and Its Aesthetes: John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Adrian Stokes, ed. David Carter (Routledge, 1997)
Englishness, ed. Philip Dodd and Robert Colls (Routledge, 1987)
Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford UP, 1975)
Samuel Gikandi, Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism (Columbia University Press, 1997)
Stephen Gill, Wordsworth and the Victorians (Oxford UP, 2001)
Paul Gilroy, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack (Routledge, 1987)
Peter Haydon, Beer and Britannia (Sutton, 2001)
Stephen Knight, Robin Hood (Blackwell, 1994)
Krishan Kumar, The Making of English National Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
Donna Landry, The Invention of the Countryside (Palgrave, 2001)
Paul Langford, Englishness Identified: Manners and Character 1650-1850 (Oxford UP, 2001)
Literature in the Modern World: ‘Englishness’, ed. A. Calder, R. Day, G. Martin (Open UP, 1991)
John Lucas, England and Englishness: Ideas of Nationhood in English Poetry, 1668-1900 (Hogarth, 1991)
David Matless, Landscape and Englishness (Reaktion, 2001)
Nikolaus Pevsner, The Englishness of English Art (Penguin, 1993)
Our Englishness, ed. Tony Linsell (Anglo-Saxon, 2000)
Jeremy Paxman, The English (Penguin, 1999)
The Post-colonial Studies Reader, ed. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin (Routledge, 1994)
Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism, ed. Stephen Knight (Brewer, 1999)
Salman Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands (Penguin, 1992)
Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (Viking, 1994)
Simon Schama, History of Britain (BBC, 2002)
Roger Scruton, England: An Elegy (Pimlico, 2001)
T.A. Shippey, J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (HarperCollins, 2000)
T.A. Shippey, Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century (CUP, 2000)
Gary Taylor, Reinventing Shakespeare (Chatto & Windus, 1990)
Thorlac Turville-Petre, England and the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290-1340 (Clarendon, 1996)
Wendy Webster, Englishness and Empire 1939-1965 (Oxford University Press, 2005)
Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (Hogarth, 1985)
The White Man’s Burdens, ed Chris Brooks and Peter Faulkner (Exeter UP, 1996)
P.G. Wodehouse, Life at Blandings (Penguin, 1981)
P.G. Wodehouse, Imperial Blandings (Penguin, 1993)

Posted in ENGLISHNESS, RESEARCH | Comments Off on ENGLISHNESS, A RECOMMENDED READING LIST

I wanted to flag up this week’s Spectator magazine which has a St George’s Day special issue titled ‘England Rides Again’. In contrast to their cover story from 19th February 2005 where the magazine announced the death of Englishness under the headline ‘Goodbye England’. In this week’s issue, they announce: ‘England Rides Again’ ‘Welcome back England’. ‘Assaults on England’s country sports, customs and history and the growing injustices of devolution have only strengthened its sense of itself and its confidence in its future. Welcome Back England -and happy St George’s Day’. Check out their feature called ‘So What is England?’ where they have asked some leading public figures (David Hockney, Andrew Neil, Jack Straw and Mohamed Al Fayed!? among others) for their answers to this question.

Alongside the Spectator on the news stands this week is the New Statesman which features an article called  ‘So, is it all right to be an English nationalist?’ by Paul Kingsnorth (author of “Real England: the Battle Against the Bland” which has just been published by Portobello Books £14.99. See http://www.realengland.co.uk for more details).

Posted in ENGLISHNESS | Comments Off on ENGLAND VS BRITAIN

I’m taking part in a photography symposium at the National Media Museum in Bradford this coming Friday, which is being organised alongside the Museum’s current exhibition Henri Cartier-Bresson’s Scrapbook: Photographs 1932-1946. Entitled ‘Dramatic Reality: Photojournalism and Documentary Photography Today’, the symposium aims to examine the role of respectful and humanist photography championed by Cartier-Bresson, in a world with a growing appetite for drama and spectacle. In ‘rePresenting Russia’ I will discusses my  approach to documenting modern day Russia for my book Motherland.

Other speakers include the writers Geoff Dyer and Gerry Badger, Foto8 editor Jon Levy, and photographers Paul Lowe, Donovan Wylie and Anna Fox. You can find out more details and book a place here.

And now I have an excuse to post up one of my favourite Cartier-Bresson images, which is also linked to the theme of leisure.

Sunday on the Banks of the River Marne © Henri Cartier-Bresson, 1938

Posted in REVIEWS & PRESS | Comments Off on DRAMATIC REALITY